The First Ladies
by Marie Benedict
Contents
Chapter 27
Overview
In the Rose Garden, Mary learns President Roosevelt created a Negro‑affairs office but appointed the white advocate Clark Foreman, outraging Mary. Eleanor argues pragmatic access and they agree to monitor Foreman.
Shifting focus, Mary recounts George Armwood’s lynching, spurring Eleanor to confront Franklin with photos and push the Costigan‑Wagner anti‑lynching bill.
Summary
On August 22, 1933, Mary meets Eleanor in the White House Rose Garden. While waiting, Mary reads that President Roosevelt, through Secretary Harold Ickes, has created the Office of the Special Adviser on the Economic Status of the Negroes and named Clark Foreman to lead it. Her excitement turns to dismay when she sees Foreman’s appointment.
Eleanor returns, first delighted by the office’s creation, then stunned by the choice. Mary denounces the decision to place a white man over Negro affairs, fearing paternalism. Eleanor acknowledges the insult but argues that Foreman’s progressive record and white access might yield results in a segregated system. Mary, recalling her reliance on white benefactors, reluctantly concedes. They agree to hold Foreman accountable and consider letting that office shoulder appointments while they redirect their energies.
Mary then raises the urgency of anti‑lynching, recounting the recent lynching of George Armwood in Maryland. She describes the mob’s brutality—beating, hanging, and burning—and the grotesque spectacle attended by thousands, with photographs as proof. Eleanor, horrified, realizes she had not grasped the full savagery.
They resolve to prioritize an anti‑lynching law despite Southern Democratic resistance. Eleanor believes Franklin’s backing could be decisive; she asks to keep the photographs to show him and to argue for the Costigan‑Wagner Bill. The chapter ends with renewed determination and a plan: monitor Foreman’s work on appointments and press the administration to end lynching.
Who Appears
- MaryNarrator; outraged by a white appointee over Negro affairs; concedes pragmatism; drives pivot to anti‑lynching using George Armwood’s case.
- Eleanor RooseveltBalances ideals with pragmatism; proposes leveraging Clark Foreman’s access; horrified by lynching photos; resolves to push Franklin on Costigan‑Wagner.
- President Franklin D. RooseveltCreates the Negro‑affairs office via Interior; appoints Clark Foreman; target of Eleanor’s forthcoming appeal on anti‑lynching.
- Clark ForemanWhite progressive chosen as special adviser on Negro economic status; his access seen as leverage; to be closely monitored.
- Harold IckesSecretary of the Interior through whom the new Negro‑affairs office is established.
- George ArmwoodLynching victim whose murder and photos galvanize Mary and Eleanor’s anti‑lynching push.