The Emperor of Gladness
by Ocean Vuong
Contents
Overview
The Emperor of Gladness follows Hai, a nineteen-year-old drifting through grief, addiction, and shame in the worn-down New England town of East Gladness. On the night he decides to end his life, he is interrupted by Grazina Vitkus, an elderly Lithuanian widow whose forceful, eccentric kindness pulls him into an unlikely new role. Hai begins living in her house, helping manage her worsening dementia while trying to rebuild some usable shape for his own life.
As Hai finds work at the chaotic HomeMarket and reconnects with relatives and coworkers, the novel widens into a portrait of people surviving poverty, memory, damaged family histories, and the daily humiliations of labor. Around Hai gathers a fragile community: his cousin Sony, who clings to family myths and military history; BJ, Maureen, Wayne, and Russia, his fellow workers; and the absent figures whose losses still govern him, especially Noah and his mother. The book explores care, relapse, immigrant inheritance, masculinity, and chosen family, asking how people keep one another alive when hope is thin and the future feels almost impossible to face.
Plot Summary ⚠️ Spoilers
The novel opens with a wide portrait of East Gladness, a neglected New England town shaped by poverty, abandoned industry, buried violence, and stubborn endurance. Into this landscape steps Hai, a nineteen-year-old carrying grief, addiction, and shame. On a rainy night in 2009, he goes to King Philip’s Bridge intending to jump. Before he can do it, he is seen by Grazina Vitkus, an eighty-two-year-old Lithuanian widow living nearby. She talks him down with a mix of suspicion, humor, ritual, and command, then brings him into her house, feeds him, and offers him a room in exchange for help around the house after her previous live-in aide disappeared. With nowhere else to go, Hai accepts.
At 16 Hubbard Street, Hai becomes Grazina’s caretaker and slowly learns the shape of her illness. She has frontal lobe dementia that can leave her paranoid, combative, or trapped in wartime memories. Hai organizes her medications, cooks, shops, and steadies her through episodes in which she confuses past and present. The arrangement gives him temporary shelter and purpose, but it does not cure him. He is still haunted by Noah, a dead friend whose UPS jacket he wears, and by the lies he has told his mother about his life. He also secretly pockets old Dilaudid from the house, showing that self-destruction remains close at hand even while he is trying to survive.
When money runs low, Hai looks for work and reconnects with his cousin Sony, who helps him get hired at HomeMarket. The grocery-and-rotisserie store becomes Hai’s first real community in East Gladness. Its manager, BJ, is grandiose and needy but sincere in her belief that food can comfort people. Wayne rules the chicken station with quiet pride rooted in his family’s tradition of Black pitmasters. Maureen hides grief and fury beneath crude jokes and conspiracy talk. Russia, restless and funny, carries worry about his sister’s addiction. Amid reheated food, exhausting shifts, and absurd routines, Hai discovers the dignity and intimacy of shared labor. Even when the store’s comforts are partly fraudulent, the relationships are real.
As Hai settles into work, the novel fills in his past. He was born in Vietnam, immigrated to Connecticut, and became the first in his family to attend college. After Noah’s death and his own addiction deepened, he dropped out. Unable to bear his mother’s disappointment after his grandmother’s death, he lied and claimed he had been accepted into a medical program in Boston. Instead of going to school, he entered rehab, then left it still lying to her. That deception becomes one of the central wounds of his life: he wanted to give his mother hope, but the lie traps him in deeper shame and avoidance.
Life with Grazina grows more intimate and more unstable. Fireworks and storms send her into vivid wartime episodes, and Hai learns to calm her by becoming “Sergeant Pepper,” an invented soldier who guides her through imagined evacuations. These performances let him meet her inside memory rather than fight it. At the same time, he grows attached to her as more than a patient. She opens Jonas Vitkus’s hidden basement library to him, reviving his abandoned desire to be a reader and writer. Yet the strain of caregiving and the weight of her decline also push him toward relapse. After a terrible night in which he grasps the true devastation of her dementia, he breaks forty-seven days of sobriety by taking the pills he has hidden.
The people around Hai are similarly burdened by loss. A racist incident at HomeMarket reveals Wayne’s fierce attachment to his work as inherited dignity. Maureen eventually tells Hai that her son Paul died of leukemia and that grief never resolved into meaning. Russia admits how hard he is working to keep paying for his sister Anna’s rehab. Sony, awkward, literal, and obsessed with military history, is carrying his own family damage: his mother, Aunt Kim, is in prison after an arson scheme, and he dreams of earning enough money to help her. Hai and Sony’s bond deepens through work, shared childhood memories, and mutual disappointments, even as Hai repeatedly fails to tell the truth or fully show up when it matters.
Several crises accelerate the story. A homeless regular named Cookie overdoses in the HomeMarket bathroom, forcing Hai into direct contact with the emergency he is always trying to outrun. Regional manager Mitch Vogel later humiliates the staff and pressures BJ to lay someone off. Meanwhile, Hai learns more of Sony’s family mythology: Sony believes his absent father Minh is alive, heroic, and somewhere in Vermont. During a prison visit on Tết, Aunt Kim privately tells Hai that Minh actually died years earlier in a car fire, and that the family has kept up a fiction for Sony through forged letters. Instead of clearing things up, the revelation binds Hai to yet another secret.
At the same time, Grazina’s family threatens the fragile home Hai has made with her. Her son Lucas Vitkus and his wife Clara treat her as an embarrassment and push to place her in Hamilton Home and sell her house. Hai sees how cruelly they reduce her to a burden, and his loyalty to Grazina becomes explicit. She, in turn, tells him plainly that he is not just her helper but her friend. After a hospitalization from a fall, however, her condition worsens sharply. She grows more frightened, disoriented, and physically frail. Lucas returns with legal authority and social-service support, making it clear that Hai cannot hold off her removal forever.
Before that final separation, Sony’s own crisis explodes. Forced by Vogel to fire someone, BJ dismisses Sony. He runs off toward Vermont, chasing the fantasy of recovering the “diamond” fused into his father’s hand and finding some final proof of meaning in the family legend. Hai tries to stop him, then gives in and joins the trip, bringing Grazina because he cannot leave her behind. BJ and Maureen come too, and the journey turns into an improvised road trip of damaged people trying to help one another. At Minh’s crash site in Vermont, Sony breaks down in grief. The group searches for the diamond and finds nothing. Later, the myth itself is undercut: Minh was not the war hero Sony imagined but a laundry worker on a U.S. base whose wound came by accident. The trip yields no treasure, only mourning and a brief, exhausted solidarity.
When Hai and Grazina return, an official notice announces that Family Services will come the next day to take her to Hamilton Home. They spend one last night together in forced normalcy, then share a tender dawn at a diner and in a parking lot full of migrating salamanders. When the removal finally comes, Hai tries to protect Grazina the only way he knows how: by entering her delusion and staging one last escape on her scooter, casting her transfer as a passage to America. Lucas and the staff stop them anyway and take her. Afterward, unmoored and nearly out of pills, Hai gives Sony the money he has managed to gather so Sony can help free Aunt Kim and start over. Alone, he hides in a dumpster and speaks to his mother on the phone, still lying about medical school but at last admitting the core truth beneath everything: he is afraid of the future. Her answer is simple—that life is good when people do good for one another. The novel ends with Hai suspended between collapse and survival, stripped of illusions but still held, however precariously, by the care he has given and received.
Characters
- HaiThe nineteen-year-old protagonist, Hai arrives at the edge of suicide and is pulled back into life by Grazina Vitkus. His arc follows his struggle with addiction, grief over Noah, lies to his mother, caregiving for Grazina, and his search for a livable future through work, family, and chosen community.
- Grazina VitkusAn elderly Lithuanian widow with worsening dementia, Grazina stops Hai from jumping and brings him into her house as her live-in helper. Her wartime memories, eccentric humor, and increasing fragility make her both the person Hai cares for and the person who gives his life new meaning.
- SonyHai’s cousin and coworker at HomeMarket, Sony is rigidly literal, devoted to military history, and sustained by family myths about his father. His need to free Aunt Kim and his desperate trip to Vermont become central tests of Hai’s honesty, loyalty, and capacity for care.
- BJThe blustering manager of HomeMarket, BJ frames food service as emotional labor and becomes one of the anchors of Hai’s working life. Her failed wrestling ambitions, battles with management, and moments of real generosity show both her vanity and her genuine instinct to care for others.
- MaureenA sharp-tongued HomeMarket cashier, Maureen hides deep grief over her dead son Paul beneath jokes, drinking, and conspiracy talk. She becomes part of Hai’s rough circle of trust, especially in moments when work, illness, and loss strip away everyone’s defenses.
- WayneHomeMarket’s rotisserie cook, Wayne gives the kitchen much of its real authority and pride. His work connects him to a family lineage of Black pitmasters, and his steadiness helps define labor in the novel as both exploitation and inheritance.
- RussiaA coworker at HomeMarket, Russia brings crude humor, war stories, and a more fragile interior than he first shows. His worry over paying for his sister Anna’s rehab and Hai’s growing attraction to him deepen the novel’s portrait of young men carrying family damage.
- Aunt KimSony’s mother and Hai’s aunt, Aunt Kim is in prison after an arson scheme and remains a powerful offstage force in both cousins’ lives. Her secrets about Sony’s father and her dependence on fantasy mirror Hai’s own pattern of lying in the name of love and survival.
- Hai's motherHai’s mother is the person he most fears disappointing, which is why he sustains the lie that he is in medical training. Her faith in his future sharpens his shame, but her love remains one of the strongest emotional pressures shaping his choices.
- NoahNoah is Hai’s dead friend and former love, whose loss helped drive Hai out of college and deeper into addiction. His memory persists through the UPS jacket Hai wears and through the private grief Hai struggles for much of the book to speak aloud.
- Lucas VitkusGrazina’s son, Lucas treats his mother as a humiliating burden and pushes to institutionalize her and control her house. His clashes with Hai turn the question of who truly cares for Grazina into one of the book’s central moral conflicts.
- Jonas VitkusGrazina’s late husband remains present through his hoarded house, hidden library, unfinished translation work, and the money and pills he left behind. His legacy shapes both Grazina’s memories and Hai’s temptations, making him a crucial figure in the household’s history.
- LinaGrazina’s absent daughter, Lina survives in the house as a source of longing, confusion, and guilt. Her absence reveals old fractures within the Vitkus family and intensifies Grazina’s tendency to live partly in memory.
- MinhSony’s father is remembered through family legend as a wounded war hero living elsewhere, but the truth of his death and ordinary life becomes central to Sony’s grief. His mythic status shows how damaged families build stories to survive what they cannot bear to face.
- Detective LippmanA retired detective who revisits Rachel Miotti’s cold case, Lippman adds a note of menace and unresolved violence to East Gladness. His appearances widen the novel’s sense that the town is full of buried harm that never fully disappears.
Themes
Ocean Vuong’s The Emperor of Gladness is deeply concerned with how people keep one another alive when official systems—family, work, medicine, the state—fail them. Hai begins the novel on the bridge ready to disappear, yet Grazina’s absurd, tender intervention with crushed dinner rolls, carrots, prayer, and an offered room turns survival into something communal rather than heroic. Their bond, like Hai’s later ties to the HomeMarket crew, suggests that care is rarely neat or sanctioned; it is improvised, inconvenient, and often delivered by damaged people. The novel insists that friendship, labor, and caretaking can become forms of rescue, even when they cannot cure addiction, dementia, or grief.
A second major theme is the uneasy dignity of the working poor. East Gladness itself is introduced as a town made of abandonment and endurance, and HomeMarket becomes its miniature stage: stale food is repackaged as comfort, wages are insulting, bosses perform optimism, and workers endure racism, corporate humiliation, and exhaustion. Yet the book never reduces labor to mere exploitation. Wayne’s chicken, BJ’s cornbread mythology, Maureen’s gallows humor, and the crew’s collective response to Cookie’s overdose or Sony’s firing reveal work as a place where people manufacture meaning as much as meals. Vuong shows how poverty degrades life, but also how ordinary competence can briefly restore personhood.
The novel also returns obsessively to the stories people tell in order to live. Hai lies to his mother about medical school; Aunt Kim invents letters from Sony’s dead father; museums prettify Confederate violence; BJ turns herself into a wrestler; Grazina’s dementia remixes war memory into present reality. These are not all equivalent deceptions. Some lies are exploitative, others protective, others simply necessary fictions that help the living cross unbearable distances. The book asks when storytelling becomes betrayal and when it becomes mercy. Hai’s struggle is not only to tell the truth, but to bear what truth costs.
Finally, The Emperor of Gladness explores how history lives inside the body. Grazina’s wartime episodes, Sony’s Civil War obsession, Noah’s overdose, the opioid crisis, anti-Black racism, immigration, and queer secrecy all show the past as something ongoing rather than finished. Memory is unstable—sometimes treasured, sometimes distorted, sometimes obliterated by dementia—yet the novel keeps searching for grace in that instability. Its recurring image is not triumph but passage: bridges, roads, trains, migration, even the salamanders’ “Big Night.” To live, Vuong suggests, is to keep crossing through ruin toward one another, carrying what cannot be fully healed.